Minimally invasive non-surgical periodontal therapy of intrabony defects: A prospective multi-centre cohort study.

AIM: To assess the potential benefits of minimally invasive non-surgical therapy (MINST) in teeth with intrabony defects and to explore factors associated with the outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A multi-centre trial was conducted in 100 intrabony defects in periodontitis patients in private practice. Steps 1 and 2 periodontal therapy including MINST were provided. Clinical and radiographic data were analysed at baseline and 12 months after treatment, with the primary aim being change in radiographic defect depth at 12 months. RESULTS: Eighty-four patients completed the 12-month follow up. The mean total radiographic defect depth reduced by 1.42 mm and the defect angle increased by 3° (both p < .05). Statistically significant improvements in probing pocket depth (PPD) and clinical attachment level (CAL) were seen at 12 months compared to baseline (p < .001). Fifty-six defects (66.7%) achieved pocket closure (PPD ≤ 4 mm) and 49 defects (58.3%) achieved the composite outcome (PPD ≤ 4 mm and CAL gain ≥3 mm). Deeper and narrower angled defects were positively correlated with radiographic and clinical improvements, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Improvements in clinical and radiographic outcomes were seen after MINST. This study highlights the generalizability and wide applicability of this approach, further supporting its effectiveness in the treatment of intrabony defects. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT03741374. https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03741374?cond=minimally%20invasive%20non%20surgical%20therapy&locStr=UK&country=United%20Kingdom&distance=50&rank=2.

Interdental papilla reconstruction: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVES: To assess treatment options for the reconstruction of the lost interdental papilla and to evaluate evidence for their efficacy. METHODS: An electronic search (Medline, Embase and the Cochrane Library Database and OpenGray) and a hand search were carried out to identify all types of studies investigating interdental papilla reconstruction (except for reviews) with a minimum of 3 months follow-up. RESULTS: Forty-five studies were included in the study including 7 RCTs, 2 cohort studies, 19 case series and 17 case reports. Fifteen studies reported on the use of hyaluronic acid, 6 studies on platelet-rich fibrin, 16 studies on soft tissue grafting, 4 studies on orthodontics and 4 on additional modalities. The most common outcome measures were black triangle dimensions and papillary fill percentage. Meta-analysis was not possible due to the high heterogeneity of the studies. CONCLUSION: There are various options for interdental papilla reconstruction of which hyaluronic acid injections, PRF, surgical grafting and orthodontics seem to improve outcomes at a minimum 3 months. The use of soft tissue grafting with sub-epithelial connective tissue graft seems to be associated with the most robust evidence for the longer-term reduction of 'black triangles'. There is insufficient evidence to make recommendations to clinicians. Further research is needed in the form of well conducted RCTs with longer follow ups and patient reported outcome measures. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Patients frequently complain about the appearance of black triangles and their management options seem unclear. This systematic review provides insight into the available reconstructive options.

Combining participatory action research and emerging ways of collective action to promote institutional change toward social commitment: Groundings, strategies, and implications of an experience.

AIMS: This study reports the foundations, strategies, and results of an institutional change experience based on the combination of participatory-action-research and new currents of collective mobilization and political participation. It aimed to achieve the institution's greater social commitment and a more participatory and transparent management. METHODS: The process took place in a Spanish public university and was promoted and coordinated by a Work Group that emerged from grassroots university community. Collective diagnosis was performed through face-to-face strategies (global, sectorial, and faculty meetings) and virtual tools (web-blog, on-line surveys, shared documents). Collective action combined nonformal with formal institutional participation and applied hybrid activism, self-organization in horizontal structures and integrative conflict management. RESULTS: A sequential process of diagnosis, collective action, and negotiation was implemented. As a result, the university Governing Team, representatives from different sectors and members of the Work Group worked jointly to define several institutional actions that were thereafter launched. Those actions aimed to improve institutional participation and transparency, and greater institutional social commitment. CONCLUSION: The combination of participatory-action-research and new ways of collective action can be an excellent tool to draw institutions towards greater social engagement, thus contributing to sustainable social change. A model to guide institutional change is drafted.

Comparison of clinical outcomes of immediate versus delayed placement of dental implants: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: Two focused questions were addressed: Focused question (Q1) 1) Are there any differences between immediate and delayed placement in terms of (i) survival rate, (ii) success rate, (iii) radiographic marginal bone levels, (iv) height/(v)thickness of buccal wall, (vi) peri-implant mucosal margin position, (vii) aesthetics outcomes and (viii) patient reported outcomes? Focused question 2 (Q2) What is the estimated effect size of immediate implant placement for all parameters included in Q1? MATERIALS AND METHODS: An electronic search (MEDLINE, EMBASE, The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and OpenGray) and hand search were conducted up to November 2019. Randomised controlled trials (RCT) with delayed implant placement as controls were eligible in the analysis for Q1. Immediate dental implant arms RCTs, controlled clinical trials (CCTs) and prospective case series of immediate implant placement were eligible in the analysis for Q2. RESULTS: Six papers (RCTs) were included in the analysis for Q1 and 53 papers (22 RCTs, 11 CCTs and 20 case series) for Q2. Q1: Meta-analyses did not show any significant difference in implant survival, but it did for bone levels and PES scores at 1 year post-loading, favouring the immediate group. Q2: Meta-analyses showed that immediate implants had a high survival rate (97%) and presented high PES scores (range 10.36 to 11.25). Information regarding marginal bone loss and gingival/papillary recession varied among all included studies. CONCLUSION: Similar survival rate was found between immediate and delayed implants. Immediate implants presented threefold early complications and twofold delayed complications. Success criteria should be reported more consistently, and the incidence/type of complications associated with immediate implants should be further explored.

Patients' and dentists' perceptions of tele-dentistry at the time of COVID-19. A questionnaire-based study.

OBJECTIVES: COVID-19 has had a significant impact on dentistry in unforeseen ways, including a substantial rise in the development and implementation of video consultations. The research aimed to investigate dentists' and patients' attitudes towards dental video consultations (tele-dentistry) and to identify potential ways to improve the experience. METHODS: A cross-sectional, pre-post design, online survey was carried out with patients' and dentists' before and after video consultations. A total of 249 participants accessed the survey and 228 of them consented to take part in the study and answered the online questions. Participants' attitudes towards video consultations were assessed using a questionnaire constructed by a multidisciplinary team of periodontists and psychologists. The measure assessed the perceived efficacy of the video consultations on patients and the dental team. Video consultations were performed to risk assess, triage and manage remotely via a video link out at (deleted name of institution as double blinded peer review) via NHS England's Attend Anywhere platform. RESULTS: The majority of patients strongly agreed and were satisfied using tele-dentistry in the five domains which we explored: the ease, comprehensiveness and helpfulness of the video consultations and the anxiety and satisfaction levels of the patient. Dentists and students alike felt more confident and competent after having carried out a video consultation. The majority of clinicians found the tele-dentistry platform helpful and easy to perform. Just over 70% of patients strongly agreed that the video consultation ran smoothly and 75.7% strongly agreed that they were comfortable accessing the consultation from home rather than travelling in for the consultation. Just under 80% of patients stated that they would recommend the video consultation. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that tele-dentistry may be a valid option to help service providers and dental patients, as it seems to be well accepted by both patients and dentists. JM to typesetter. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Patients' and dentists' perceptions of Tele-Dentistry at the time of COVID-19. A questionnaire-based study. To our knowledge this is one of the first studies evaluates perceptions of patients and clinicians before and after a tele-dentistry encounter in and across different dental departments. The majority of survey participants expressed positive views towards tele-dentistry across all domains including ease and comprehensiveness of the video consultation, perceived helpfulness and anxiety and satisfaction of the patient. Dentists appear to be competent and confident to carry out these video consultations and find them to be helpful and easy to complete. As a result, we suggest readers adopt tele-dentistry in their daily activities to help patients and clinicians alike.

Immediate implant placement in fresh alveolar sockets with a minimal split-thickness envelope flap: A randomised controlled clinical trial.

OBJECTIVES: Comparing PES/WES scores, modified success rate, survival, success, buccal bone thickness and patient-reported outcomes of immediate dental implants placed in fresh alveolar sockets using a flap or a minimal split-thickness envelope flap (MSTEF). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Implants following random assignment into a flap or MSTEF group were placed immediately in anterior and premolar areas. Guided bone regeneration and autogenous connective tissue graft were used in all cases. A temporary prosthesis was provided followed by the final prosthesis at 16-18 weeks. Success and survival rates together with radiographic buccal bone thickness and patient satisfaction were evaluated at 12-month post-loading. The aesthetic outcome was evaluated through the Pink (PES) and White (WES) Aesthetic Score by 8 blind clinicians of different training background and incorporated in modified success criteria. RESULTS: 28 implants were placed on 28 patients. No statistically significant differences were noted in PES (10.54 control versus 10.80 test), WES scores (6.97 control versus 6.95 test) or success criteria including aesthetic parameters (modified success criteria) for the different specialty groups (Range 69%-92%). In addition, no statistically significant differences were noted in survival (100%), success (100%), buccal wall thickness between control (0.72 ± 0.22) and test group (0.92 ± 0.31) and patients' reported outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Immediate dental implant treatment with flap/ MSTEF provided similar mean PES/WES scores, modified success rate, survival, mean buccal bone levels and patients' satisfaction. However, aesthetic failures were common in both groups.

Grief Reactions of Potential Organ Donors' Bereaved Relatives: An Observational Study.

BACKGROUND: Most family members of potential organ donors experience the death of their relative in an intensive care unit. While under an emotional burden, bereaved relatives must make a decision that will affect the life of other patients. A better understanding of grief within the context of organ donation will help intensive care unit staff better support families during this process. OBJECTIVES: To empirically describe the emotional reactions of potential organ donors' family members facing a loved one's death and analyze the relationship of these reactions to factors that occur in the process of illness and death. METHODS: A prospective observational study was conducted in 16 Spanish hospitals for 36 months. Data of 421 relatives of potential organ donors, collected through a previously validated instrument, included relatives' emotional responses, deceased's and relatives' characteristics, circumstances of death, and behavior of health care staff. RESULTS: Unexpected deaths were linked to more intense emotional reactions and less acceptance of death than were anticipated deaths. Additional stressors, such as perception of poor treatment by hospital staff, perception of deficient medical care, and poor relationships among family members, were associated with stronger reactions. CONCLUSIONS: Observation and analysis of the factors studied may help hospital staff members anticipate bereaved relatives' emotional reactions and provide better support during the grieving process, increasing family members' well-being and facilitating a better-informed organ donation decision.

Are Sexist Attitudes and Gender Stereotypes Linked? A Critical Feminist Approach With a Spanish Sample.

This study aims to verify the psychometric properties of the Spanish versions of the Social Roles Questionnaire (SRQ; Baber and Tucker, 2006), Modern Sexism Scale (MS), and Old-Fashioned Sexism Scale (OFS; Swim et al., 1995; Swim and Cohen, 1997). Enough support was found to maintain the original factor structure of all instruments in their Spanish version. Differences between men and women in the scores are commented on, mainly because certain sexist attitudes have been overcome with greater success in the current Spanish society, while other issues, such as distribution of power in organizational hierarchies or distribution of tasks in the household, where traditional unequal positions are still maintained. In all cases, it was found that men showed greater support for sexist attitudes. The correlations between the three instruments were as expected in assessing sexist attitudes that tend to relate to each other. Eventually, we found no empirical evidence for the postulated link between sexist attitudes and traditional gender stereotypes. Our results call for the validity and effectiveness of the classic theories of gender psychology, such as gender schema theories (Bem, 1981; Markus et al., 1982) and the notion of a gender belief system (Deaux and Kite, 1987; Kite, 2001).

Recomendaciones para la vacunación frente al ROTAvirus de los recién nacidos PREMaturos (ROTAPREM) / Recommendations for vaccination against ROTAvirus in PREMature newborns (ROTAPREM)

El rotavirus (RV) es la causa principal de diarrea infantil grave en todo el mundo e infecta prácticamente a todos los niños en los primeros 5 años de vida, sobre todo en los primeros 2años. Existen dos vacunas atenuadas de administración oral frente al RV disponibles en nuestro medio que han demostrado ser seguras y eficaces frente a la enfermedad. El objetivo principal de estas vacunas ha sido reproducir la historia natural de la infección y proteger frente a la enfermedad grave en los primeros meses de vida. Los recién nacidos prematuros son especialmente vulnerables a la enfermedad por RV, no solo por tener más riesgo de adquirir la infección, sino también por sus complicaciones. La vacunación frente al RV en niños prematuros ha mostrado resultados de eficacia y seguridad similares a los comunicados en niños a término, y los datos existentes sugieren un riesgo bajo de diseminación e infección nosocomial cuando la vacunación se realiza durante la hospitalización. Dado que un porcentaje estimable de recién nacidos prematuros permanecen ingresados en las unidades neonatales más allá de las 12semanas de vida, se considera que estos, siempre que su condición clínica lo permita, deben recibir la vacunación frente al RV sin retrasos, incluso durante la hospitalización si así fuese necesario

Rotavirus (RV) is the leading cause of severe acute gastroenteritis in infants worldwide. Most children are infected by RV by the age of 5 years, and especially in the first 2 years. Two oral attenuated vaccines against RV are licensed in industrialised countries, which have proven to be safe and effective against the disease. The main objective of these vaccines has been to reproduce the natural history of infection and protect against severe disease in the first months of life. Preterm infants are at higher risk of severe RV infection compared to full-term infants and infants with normal birth weight. Data collected on RV vaccination in preterm infants demonstrated that RV vaccines are effective and safe, compared with full-term infants, with a marginal risk of horizontal viral transmission and dissemination when vaccination is performed during hospitalisation. Preterm infants frequently require admission to hospital after the beginning of the 12 th week of life, which suggests that they should receive RV vaccines during admission according to the official immunisation schedule

[Recommendations for vaccination against ROTAvirus in PREMature newborns (ROTAPREM)]. / Recomendaciones para la vacunación frente al ROTAvirus de los recién nacidos PREMaturos (ROTAPREM).

Rotavirus (RV) is the leading cause of severe acute gastroenteritis in infants worldwide. Most children are infected by RV by the age of 5years, and especially in the first 2years. Two oral attenuated vaccines against RV are licensed in industrialised countries, which have proven to be safe and effective against the disease. The main objective of these vaccines has been to reproduce the natural history of infection and protect against severe disease in the first months of life. Preterm infants are at higher risk of severe RV infection compared to full-term infants and infants with normal birth weight. Data collected on RV vaccination in preterm infants demonstrated that RV vaccines are effective and safe, compared with full-term infants, with a marginal risk of horizontal viral transmission and dissemination when vaccination is performed during hospitalisation. Preterm infants frequently require admission to hospital after the beginning of the 12th week of life, which suggests that they should receive RV vaccines during admission according to the official immunisation schedule.

Is Lactoferrin More Effective in Reducing Late-Onset Sepsis in Preterm Neonates Fed Formula Than in Those Receiving Mother's Own Milk? Secondary Analyses of Two Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trials.

BACKGROUND: Lactoferrin is the major antimicrobial protein in human milk. In our randomized controlled trial (RCT) of bovine lactoferrin (BLF) supplementation in preterm neonates, BLF reduced late-onset sepsis (LOS). Mother's own milk (MM) contains higher concentrations of lactoferrin than donor milk or formula, but whether BLF is more effective in infants who receive formula or donor milk is uncertain. AIM: To evaluate the incidence of LOS in preterm infants fed MM and in those fed formula and/or donor milk. STUDY DESIGN: This is a (A) post hoc subgroup analysis, in our RCT of BLF, of its effects in preterm infants fed MM, with or without formula, versus those fed formula and/or donor milk (no-MM) and (B) post hoc meta-analysis, in our RCT of BLF and in the ELFIN (Enteral Lactoferrin in Neonates) RCT, of the effect of BLF in subgroups not exclusively fed MM. RESULTS: (A) Of 472 infants in our RCT, 168 were randomized to placebo and 304 were randomized to BLF. Among MM infants, LOS occurred in 22/133 (16.5%) infants randomized to placebo and in 14/250 (5.6%) randomized to BLF (relative risk or risk ratio (RR): 0.34; relative risk reduction (RRR): 0.66; 95% confidence interval (95% CI) for RR: 0.18-0.64; p < 0.0008). Among no-MM infants, LOS occurred in 7/35 (20.0%) randomized to placebo and in 2/54 (3.7%) randomized to BLF (RR: 0.19; RRR: 0.81; 95% CI for RR: 0.16-0.96; p = 0.026). In multivariable logistic regression analysis, there was no interaction between BLF treatment effect and type of feeding (p = 0.628). (B) In 1,891 infants not exclusively fed MM in our RCT of BLF and in the ELFIN RCT, BLF reduced the RR of LOS by 18% (RR: 0.82; 95% CI: 0.71-0.96; p = 0.01). CONCLUSION: Adequately powered studies should address the hypothesis that BLF is more effective in infants fed formula or donor milk than those fed MM. Such studies should evaluate whether a specific threshold of total lactoferrin intake can be identified to protect such patients from LOS.

An Integrated Psychosocial Model of Relatives' Decision About Deceased Organ Donation (IMROD): Joining Pieces of the Puzzle.

Organ transplantation remains currently limited because the demand for organs far exceeds the supply. Though organ procurement is a complex process involving social, organizational, and clinical factors, one of the most relevant limitations of organ availability is family refusal to donate organs of a deceased relative. In the past decades, a remarkable corpus of evidence about the factors conditioning relatives' consent has been generated. However, research in the field has been carried out mainly by means of merely empirical approaches, and only partial attempts have been made to integrate the existing empirical evidence within conceptual and theoretically based frameworks. Accordingly, this work articulates the proposal of an Integrated Psychosocial Model of Relatives' Organ Donation (IMROD) which offers a systematic view of the factors and psychosocial processes involved in family decision and their interrelations. Relatives' experience is conceptualized as a decision process about the possibility of vicariously performing an altruistic behavior that takes place under one of the most stressful experiences of one's lifetime and in the context of interaction with different healthcare professionals. Drawing on this, in the proposed model, the influence of the implied factors and their interrelations/interactions are structured and interpreted according to their theoretically based relation with processes like rational/heuristic decision-making, uncertainty, stress, bereavement, emotional reactions, sense of reciprocity, sense of freedom to decide, and attitudes/intentions toward one's own and the deceased's organ donation. Our model also develops a processual perspective and suggests different decisional scenarios that may be reached as a result of the combinations of the considered factors. Each of these scenarios may imply different balances between factors that enhance or hinder donation, such as different levels of uncertainty and potential decisional conflict. Throughout our work, current controversial or inconsistent results are discussed and interpreted on the basis of the relationships that are posited in the proposed model. Finally, we suggest that the structure of the relationships and interactions contained in our model can be used by future research to guide the formulation of hypotheses and the interpretation of results. In this sense, specific guidelines and research questions are also proposed.

Bereaved relatives' decision about deceased organ donation: An integrated psycho-social study conducted in Spain.

RATIONALE: Family refusal to organ donation of a deceased relative represents one of the most important barriers to organ transplantation. Although a large literature about family decisions has amassed, the existing evidence needs further integration and structuring. OBJECTIVE: This study seeks to analyse relationships between bereaved relatives' decisions and a wide range of factors that converge in the family decision process, including interactions and complex relationship patterns, and taking psychosocial theoretical frameworks as reference to conceptualize empirical findings. METHOD: This observational study examined 16 Spanish hospitals during a 36-month period. Transplant coordination teams collected data of 421 cases of family decision processes about donation (338 donations/83 refusals) through a previously validated instrument. Indicators of the following factors were collected: deceased's characteristics; circumstances of death; bereaved relatives' characteristics, beliefs, and expressions; behaviour of health and coordination staff; and family's emotional responses. Three global hypotheses related to bivariate and multivariate relations of factors with family decisions and relationships/interactions among factors were tested. RESULTS: Relatives' beliefs about the deceased's wishes concerning donation are the strongest predictor of family decisions. However, family decisions are also related to the deceased's characteristics, relatives' characteristics, satisfaction with medical attention, satisfaction with personal treatment and relatives' emotional responses, and other factors. Relatives' emotional reactions are related to satisfaction with health-staff interventions and condition family decision, even if deceased's will concerning donation is known and positive. Relatives' beliefs about deceased's wishes concerning donation vary as a function of deceased's characteristics and according to relatives' characteristics. CONCLUSIONS: Understanding of family decisions underlying organ donation may greatly benefit from a more complex, integrated, and theoretically based approach. Educational efforts should stress the need to register or simply communicate own willingness to donate organs. However, an adequate training and performance of the health-staff involved in the organ donation process may generate substantive differences in consent rates.

Exposure to Gastric Acid Inhibitors Increases the Risk of Infection in Preterm Very Low Birth Weight Infants but Concomitant Administration of Lactoferrin Counteracts This Effect.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether exposure to inhibitors of gastric acidity, such as H2 blockers or proton pump inhibitors, can independently increase the risk of infections in very low birth weight (VLBW) preterm infants in the neonatal intensive care unit. STUDY DESIGN: This is a secondary analysis of prospectively collected data from a multicenter, randomized controlled trial of bovine lactoferrin (BLF) supplementation (with or without the probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG) vs placebo in prevention of late-onset sepsis (LOS) and necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in preterm infants. Inhibitors of gastric acidity were used at the recommended dosages/schedules based on the clinical judgment of attending physicians. The distribution of days of inhibitors of gastric acidity exposure between infants with and without LOS/NEC was assessed. The mutually adjusted effects of birth weight, gestational age, duration of inhibitors of gastric acidity treatment, and exposure to BLF were controlled through multivariable logistic regression. Interaction between inhibitors of gastric acidity and BLF was tested; the effects of any day of inhibitors of gastric acidity exposure were then computed for BLF-treated vs -untreated infants. RESULTS: Two hundred thirty-five of 743 infants underwent treatment with inhibitors of gastric acidity, and 86 LOS episodes occurred. After multivariate analysis, exposure to inhibitors of gastric acidity remained significantly and independently associated with LOS (OR, 1.03; 95% CI, 1.008-1.067; P = .01); each day of inhibitors of gastric acidity exposure conferred an additional 3.7% odds of developing LOS. Risk was significant for Gram-negative (P < .001) and fungal (P = .001) pathogens, but not for Gram-positive pathogens (P = .97). On the test for interaction, 1 additional day of exposure to inhibitors of gastric acidity conferred an additional 7.7% risk for LOS (P = .003) in BLF-untreated infants, compared with 1.2% (P = .58) in BLF-treated infants. CONCLUSION: Exposure to inhibitors of gastric acidity is significantly associated with the occurrence of LOS in preterm VLBW infants. Concomitant administration of BLF counteracts this selective disadvantage. TRIAL REGISTRATION: isrctn.org: ISRCTN53107700.

Young people belonging to violent groups in the Region of Madrid. Psychosocial process model on the onset and evolution of violent identity behaviour / Jóvenes pertenecientes a grupos violentos en la Comunidad de Madrid. Modelo psicosocial procesual sobre el inicio y la evolución de la conducta violenta identitaria

The qualitative research about out-group violence has examined different aspects of this social problem, but the evolution of violent groups has only been approached tangentially. This research analyses the discourses of 124 interviews done with youth from Madrid that belong to violent groups. Describe the interpretation made by young people and identifies variables and psychosocial processes to generate and explore a psychosocial model that attempts to describe the constitution and evolution of this behavior. The strategy of theory generation was applied (first 71 interviews) and afterwards, the method of analytic induction (following 53 interviews) to allow the validation of the identified model. The resulting method proposes that the upsurge of violent groups depends on the previous socialisation focused on three factors: milieu, opportunities and basic socialising processes. The evolution and involution of violent groups would depend on the interaction between the personal and social identities of its members

La investigación cualitativa sobre violencia juvenil ha indagado diferentes aspectos de este problema, pero el modo en que los jóvenes se involucran en grupos violentos y cómo evolucionan ha sido abordado solo tangencialmente. Este trabajo analiza cualitativamente 124 entrevistas realizadas a jóvenes de la Comunidad de Madrid que declaran pertenecer a grupos violentos. Describe la interpretación que realizan los jóvenes e identifica variables y procesos psicosociales que permitan generar y explorar un modelo psicosocial que trata de describir el inicio y la evolución de esta conducta. Para ello, se aplicó en un primer momento el método de generación de teoría (primeras 71 entrevistas) y después el método de inducción analítica (segundas 53 entrevistas) para explorar la adecuación a estos nuevos datos. El modelo resultante propone que el inicio de la conducta violenta depende de la socialización previa, definida por tres factores: entornos, oportunidades y procesos básicos de socialización; la evolución dependería fundamentalmente de la interacción entre la identidad personal y la identidad social de los jóvenes integrados en grupos violentos

CHARACTERIZATION OF NATURAL EJACULATES AND SPERM CRYOPRESERVATION IN A GOLDEN EAGLE (AQUILA CHRYSAETUS).

This paper describes the sperm characteristics and response to cooling and freezing of naturally ejaculated semen from a captive, adult golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetus) trained to allow sperm recovery via cooperative copulation. A basic spermiogram was prepared, and sperm motility and morphometric variables recorded using a computer-aided system. For sperm storage, the effects of a polyvinylpyrrolidone-based extender were evaluated at 5°C. The same extender was also used in freezing procedures in which glycerol (11%) and dimethylacetamide (6%) were compared as cryoprotectants. The extender preserved sperm viability over storage periods of up to 6 days. Although sperm motility and percentage live sperm values were poorer for frozen-thawed (5.8-14.6% and 44-42%, respectively) than for fresh samples (46.7 and 74.6%, respectively), no differences were seen between the effects of the two cryoprotectants. These results could be of use when attempting to store the sperm of golden eagles and other raptors.

Comparison of isoflurane and alfaxalone (Alfaxan) for the induction of anesthesia in flamingos (Phoenicopterus roseus) undergoing orthopedic surgery.

Used since the 1970s as an avian anesthetic, the neurosteroid alfaxalone has been reformulated to avoid side effects from its castor oil excipient. This case report describes the clinical use of a new alfaxalone formulation (Alfaxan) as an intravenous anesthetic induction agent in wild isoflurane-anesthetized rose flamingos (Phoenicopterus roseus). Twenty-five male and female rose flamingos underwent orthopedic surgery using isoflurane anesthesia. The animals were induced following one of two protocols: inhaled isoflurane by facemask (ISO; n = 9) or intravenous alfaxalone (2 mg/kg; ALF; n = 16). The time and quality of anesthetic induction (until first signs of muscle relaxation) and the time and quality of recovery (sternal recumbency) were recorded using a scoring system. Mild sedation was first observed at 18.4 +/- 3.8 min and 1.7 +/- 0.3 min, following isoflurane and alfaxalone administration, respectively (P < 0.001). Alfaxalone induction time was significantly shorter and induction quality was considered smoother than in the ISO group. Flamingos given alfaxalone induction required lower isoflurane concentrations for maintenance anesthesia than did flamingos induced with mask isoflurane (1.5-2 % vol vs. 4-5 % vol for ALF vs. ISO, respectively). Alfaxalone produced moderate cardiorespiratory effects not seen in the isoflurane induction group. Recovery times were similar with both protocols without significant differences in quality and length. The new alfaxalone formulation produces a safe and effective anesthetic induction in rose flamingos and has significant isoflurane-sparing effects during anesthesia.

Cardiovascular risk factors in a Mexican middle-class urban population: The Lindavista Study. Baseline data / Factores de riesgo cardiovascular en mexicanos de clase media: el estudio Lindavista. Datos basales

Introduction and objective: The aim of this communication is to describe the cardiovascular risk factors affecting a Mexican urban middle-class population. Methods: A convenience sample of 2602 middle class urban subjects composed the cohort of the Lindavista Study, a prospective study aimed to determine if conventional cardiovascular risks factors have the same prognosis impact as in other populations. For the baseline data, several measurements were done: obesity indexes, smoking, blood pressure, fasting serum glucose, total cholesterol, HDL-c, LDL-c and triglycerides. This paper presents the basal values of this population, which represents a sample of the Mexican growing urban middle-class. Results: The mean age in the sample was 50 years; 59% were females. Around 50% of the entire group were overweighed, while around 24% were obese. 32% smoked; 32% were hypertensive with a 20% rate of controlled pressure. 6% had diabetes, and 14% had impaired fasting glucose; 66% had total cholesterol ≥ 200mg/dL; 62% showed HDL-c levels <40mg/dL; 52% triglycerides > 150 mg/dL, and 34% levels of LDL-c ≥ 160 mg/dL. Half of the population studied had the metabolic syndrome. Conclusion: These data show a population with a high-risk profile, secondary to the agglomeration of several cardiovascular risk factors.

Introducción y objetivo: el objetivo de este comunicado es describir los factores de riesgo cardiovascular en la población urbana mexicana de clase media. Métodos: La cohorte del estudio Lindavista se compone de una muestra por conveniencia de 2,602 sujetos de clase media. El estudio es prospectivo y tiene como finalidad determinar si los factores de riesgo cardiovascular tienen el mismo factor pronóstico que en otras poblaciones. Para los datos basales, se hicieron varias determinaciones: índices de obesidad, consumo de tabaco, presión arterial, glucosa, colesterol total, c-HDL, c-LDL y triglicéridos en ayuno. Resultados: La media de edad fue de 50 años; el 59% fueron mujeres. Aproximadamente el 50% de la muestra presentó sobrepeso, mientras que el 24% eran obesos. El 32% fumaban, el 32% eran hipertensos con una tasa de control del 20%. El 6% tenían diabetes y el 14% resistencia a la insulina. El 66% tuvieron colesterol total ≥ 200 mg/dl; el 62% mostraron bajos niveles de c-HDL, el 52% triglicéridos > 150 mg/dl, y el 34% niveles de c-LDL ≥ 160 mg/dl. La mitad de la muestra tenía síndrome metabólico. Conclusión: Los datos revelan una población de alto riesgo cardiovascular debido a la aglomeración de diversos factores de riesgo.

Cardiovascular risk factors in a Mexican middle-class urban population. The Lindavista Study. Baseline data.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: The aim of this communication is to describe the cardiovascular risk factors affecting a Mexican urban middle-class population. METHODS: A convenience sample of 2602 middle class urban subjects composed the cohort of the Lindavista Study, a prospective study aimed to determine if conventional cardiovascular risks factors have the same prognosis impact as in other populations. For the baseline data, several measurements were done: obesity indexes, smoking, blood pressure, fasting serum glucose, total cholesterol, HDL-c, LDL-c and triglycerides. This paper presents the basal values of this population, which represents a sample of the Mexican growing urban middle-class. RESULTS: The mean age in the sample was 50 years; 59% were females. Around 50% of the entire group were overweighed, while around 24% were obese. 32% smoked; 32% were hypertensive with a 20% rate of controlled pressure. 6% had diabetes, and 14% had impaired fasting glucose; 66% had total cholesterol ≥ 200 mg/dL; 62% showed HDL-c levels<40 mg/dL; 52% triglycerides>150 mg/dL, and 34% levels of LDL-c ≥ 160 mg/dL. Half of the population studied had the metabolic syndrome. CONCLUSION: These data show a population with a high-risk profile, secondary to the agglomeration of several cardiovascular risk factors.

Anthropometric traits, blood pressure, and dietary and physical exercise habits in health sciences students; the obesity observatory project.

BACKGROUND: Obesity and the metabolic syndrome affect a considerable segment of the population worldwide, including health professionals. In fact, several studies have reported that physicians tend to have more cardiovascular risk factors than their patients. The present cross-sectional study assessed whether the Health Sciences students had a healthier lifestyle, thus could have a more preventive attitude towards chronic diseases than the general population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Students of the medical-biological areas were surveyed by answering a questionnaire about familiar cardiovascular risk factors, personal smoking, alcohol drinking, dietary and exercise habits. Blood pressure was also measured, along with weight, height, and abdominal circumference. RESULTS: 23.4% of the participants were overweight and 10% obese. Parental obesity was the most frequent risk factor, followed by social drinking and smoking. We found high consumption of animal derived foods, breakfast- like cereals, pastries, white bread and sweetened beverages; while low intake of fruit and vegetables were reported. More than half the sample reported to practice very little or no exercise at all. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: We found similar or even higher rates of risk factors than the average population, that may eventually lead to the development of chronic cardiometabolic diseases. Thus we can infer that biomedical education is inefficient in inducing healthy lifestyles among biomedical students, which could have impact in their future practice as they will most probable become obese health-professionals, thus fail to effectively treat their own patients.

Introducción: La obesidad y el síndrome metabólico afectan a un segmento considerable de la población mundial, incluyendo a los profesionales de la salud. De hecho, diversos estudios han reportado que los médicos tienden a presentar más factores de riesgo cardiovascular que sus propios pacientes. El presente estudio transversal evaluó si los estudiantes del área de la salud tenían un estilo de vida más saludable y, por tanto, una mejor actitud en cuanto a la prevención de las enfermedades crónico-degenerativas, que el resto de la población. Materiales y métodos: Se encuestaron estudiantes del área medico-biológica a través de un cuestionario sobre antecedentes heredo-familiares de riesgo cardiovascular, consumo actual de tabaco y alcohol, así como hábitos alimentarios y de ejercicio físico. Se midió la presión arterial, el peos, la talla y la circunferencia abdominal. Resultados: 23.4% de los participantes presentaban sobrepeso y 10% obesidad. La obesidad paterna fue el factor de riesgo más frecuente, seguido de consumo social de alcohol y tabaquismo. Se encontró un alto consume de alimentos de origen animal, cereales industrializados y refrescos; por otra parte, se reportó un bajo consumo de verduras y frutas. Más de la mitad de la muestra refirió ser sedentario. Discusión y conclusiones: Se encontraron datos muy similares a aquéllos reportados sobre la población general, que eventualmente conducirán al desarrollo de enfermedades cardiometabólicas. Por tanto, es posible inferir que la educación biomédica no es eficiente en la inducción de un estilo de vida saludable entre los estudiantes de ciencias de la salud. Tal fenómeno podría impactar su práctica futura ya que probablemente se convertirán en profesionistas obesos, con la consecuente falla en la prevención primaria y secundaria de sus propios pacientes.